Chair, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience Affiliate*
Professor Affiliate*
Cancer Research Focus
The long-term objective of Dr. Tu’s research is to develop new therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer and drug-resistant colorectal cancer. Current research projects are focused on the pivotal role and mechanisms of signal transduction dysregulation in cancer development and progression using various cellular, tissue and murine models.
Breast Cancer
Colon Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Asthma Research Focus
Asthma is a chronic obstructive inflammatory airway disease with substantial morbidity and mortality that affects over 300 million people worldwide. Airway hyperresponsiveness andairway inflammation are hallmarks of asthma clinically managed with β2-agonist bronchodilatorsand corticosteroids. Refractory asthma manifests with persistent symptoms despite the use of high-dose corticosteroids and long-acting β2-agonists, and poses a major healthcare challenge. Over the past few years has been Dr. Tu’s development of a new research dimension in his laboratory in the field of asthma. He initiated these studies through collaborations with Drs. Reynold A. Panettieri and Thomas Casale. Current research projects are funded by NIH, American Asthma Foundation and State of Nebraska. The long-term objective of Dr. Tu’s research is to understand the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic resistance and to develop new strategies to overcome such resistance inrefractory asthma.
Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry Tu Yaping, Abel Peter W., Piascik M. T., Adrenergic Agonists [Book Chapter] 2010
Publications
Cell death & disease Zhang Jialing, Zhang Yu, Wei Peng, Tu Yaping, Wei Taotao, Hua Chaoju, Correction: KAP1-associated transcriptional inhibitory complex regulates C2C12 myoblasts differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis via miR-133a repression 17:1, p. 563 2026
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics Xing Tianzhou, Tu Yaping, Abel Peter, Panettieri Reynold A, Molecule Mechanisms of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Glucocorticoid Resistance in Asthmatic Airway Smooth Muscle Cells (Abstract ID: 226722) 393:5, p. 103930 2026
American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology Xie Yan, Abel Peter W, Xing Tianzhou, Zhong Na, Jiang Haihong, An Steven S, Tu Yaping, Panettieri Reynold A, Casale Thomas B, Pirfenidone and its Derivative: Novel Bronchodilators and Leukocyte Airway Inflammation Inhibitors 2026
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics Xie Yan, Huang Yapei, Xing Tianzhou, Huang Steven K., Chettiar Venkatlaxmi, Moore Bethany B., Asahara Hiroshi, Abel Peter W., Tu Yaping, miR-146b disrupts the EGFR/TGFβR profibrotic feedforward loop to inhibit lung fibroblast proliferation and differentiation, p. 103672 2025
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics Xing Tianzhou, Abel Peter, Tu Yaping, Xie Yan, Jiang Haihong, Zhong Na, Aberrantly Upregulated P-Rex1 Confers Chemoresistance in Colorectal Cancer (Abstract ID: 169537) 392:3 2025
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics Afolabi Daniel, Abel Peter, Stessman Holly AF, Tu Yaping, P-Rex1 Modulates Polarization and Functions of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (Abstract ID: 158664) 392:3 2025
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics Xing Tianzhou, Tu Yaping, Casale Thomas B, Xie Yan, Panettieri Reynold A, Abel Peter, Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Glucocorticoid Insensitivity of Airway Smooth Muscle Cells 389, p. 548 2024
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Xie Yan, Abel Peter W., Casale Thomas B., Tu Yaping, TH17 cells and corticosteroid insensitivity in severe asthma 149:2, p. 467 - 479 2022
ACS Applied Bio Materials Zhang Tianbao, Wang Rongrong, Li Zihui, Gao Zonglin, Tu Yaping, Cao Xuni, Wang Liang, Anti-EGFR Single-Chain Fv Antibody Fragment Displayed on the Surface of Ferritin H-Chain Protein Nanoparticle for Asthma Therapy 4:9, p. 6690 - 6702 2021
European Journal of Pharmacology Zhang Jialing, Yan Liang, Wei Peng, Zhou Ruyi, Hua Chaoju, Xiao Min, Tu Yaping, Gu Zhanjun, Wei Taotao, PEG-GO@XN nanocomposite suppresses breast cancer metastasis via inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and blockade of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition 895 2021
Biochemical Pharmacology Huang Yapei, Xie Yan, Abel Peter W., Wei Peng, Plowman Jocelyn, Toews Myron L., Strah Heather, Siddique Aleem, Bailey Kristina L., Tu Yaping, TGF-β1-induced miR-424 promotes pulmonary myofibroblast differentiation by targeting Slit2 protein expression 180 2020
Cell Death and Disease Zhang Jialing, Hua Chaoju, Zhang Yu, Wei Peng, Tu Yaping, Wei Taotao, KAP1-associated transcriptional inhibitory complex regulates C2C12 myoblasts differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis via miR-133a repression 11:9 2020
Cell Death and Disease Wei Peng, Ma Qin, Li Linghai, Hao Junfeng, Xie Yan, Wolff Dennis W., Abel Peter W., Huang Yapei, Wei Taotao, Tu Yaping, Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced miR-133a inhibits myofibroblast differentiation and pulmonary fibrosis 10:9 2019
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Huang Yapei, Xie Yan, Jiang Haihong, Abel Peter W., Panettieri Reynold A., Casale Thomas B., Tu Yaping, Upregulated P-Rex1 exacerbates human airway smooth muscle hyperplasia in asthma 143:2, p. 778 - 781.e5 2019
Cellular Signalling Ingersoll Matthew A., Yuan Ta Chun, Chou Yu Wei, Lin Jamie S., Miller Dannah R., Xie Yan, Lin Ming Fong, Tu Yaping, Oberley-Deegan Rebecca E., Batra Surinder K., p66Shc regulates migration of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells 46, p. 1 - 14 2018
Journal of Cellular Physiology Caggia Silvia, Chunduri Hima Bindu, Millena Ana C., Perkins Jonathan N., Venugopal Smrruthi V., Vo Bao Han T., Li Chunliang, Tu Yaping, Khan Shafiq A., Novel role of Giα2 in cell migration 234:1, p. 802 - 815 2018
BMC Cancer Chen Linjie, Lin M. F., Wolff D. W., Xie Yan, Tu Yaping, Cyproterone Acetate Enhances TRAIL-Induced Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cell Apoptosis Via Up-Regulation of Death Receptor 5 17:1, p. 179 2017
Respiratory Research Xie Yan, Mehrotra Suneet, Abel Peter W., Toews M. L., Panettieri R. A.,Jr, Casale T. B., Jiang Haihong, Zhang Qian, Wolff D. W., Rennard S., Tu Yaping, Upregulation of RGS2: A New Mechanism for Pirfenidone Amelioration of Pulmonary Fibrosis 17:1, p. 103 2016
Protein & Cell Wong Chuu-Yun A., Jiang Haihong, Abel Peter W., Scofield Margaret A., Xie Yan, Wei Taotao, Tu Yaping, Phorbol Myristate Acetate Suppresses Breast Cancer Cell Growth Via Down-Regulation of P-Rex1 Expression 7:6, p. 445 - 449 2016
Journal of Biological Chemistry Huang K., Tu Yaping, Zhang J., O'Neill K. L., Gurumurthy C. B., Quadros R. M., Luo X., Cleavage by Caspase 8 and Mitochondrial Membrane Association Activate the BH3-Only Protein Bid during TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis 291:22, p. 11843 - 11851 2016
Oncotarget Zhang F., Zhao L., Wang J., Huang Z., Wei T., Liu Y., Hao J., Tu Yaping, Aberrantly upregulated TRAP1 is required for tumorigenesis of breast cancer 6:42, p. 44495 - 44508 2015
The FASEB Journal Jiang Haihong, Panettieri Reynold, Casale Thomas, Tu Yaping, Wolff Dennis, Toews Myron, Xie Yan, Abel Peter, RGS2 Repression Exacerbates Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Remodeling in Asthma 29:S1, p. 775.10 - 775.10 2015
Biomaterials Zhou Hejiang, Du Yipeng, Zhang Wendi, Wei Taotao, Yu Meifang, Yan Liang, Nie Guangjun, Chen Chunying, Tu Yaping, Energy metabolism analysis reveals the mechanism of inhibition of breast cancer cell metastasis by PEG-modified graphene oxide nanosheets 35:37, p. 9833 - 9843 2014
Advanced Functional Materials Zhou Hejiang, Wang Liming, Yu Meifang, Zhang Bo, Wu Xiaochun, Du Yipeng, Hao Junfeng, Tu Yaping, Chen Chunying, Wei Taotao, Inhibition of Cancer Cell Migration by Gold Nanorods: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Cancer Therapy 24:44, p. 6922 - 6932 2014
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Jiang Haihong, Xie Yan, Abel Peter W., Wolff Dennis W., Toews Myron L., Panettieri Jr Reynold,A., Casale Thomas B., Tu Yaping, RGS2 Repression Exacerbates Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Remodeling in Asthma Article in Press, p. 31 pages 2014
Breast Cancer Research Barrio-Real Laura, Sukumar Saraswati, Kazanietz Marcelo G., Cho Soonweng, Benedetti Lorena G., Engel Nora, Tu Yaping, Subtype-specific overexpression of the Rac-GEF P-REX1 in breast cancer is associated with promoter hypomethylation 16:5, p. Article 441 (13 pages) 2014
Oncogene Zhao Jian, Huang Y., Wolff Dennis W., Abel Peter W., Tu Yaping, Zhang J., Yu M., Xie Yan, Mitochondrial dynamics regulates migration and invasion of breast cancer cells 32:40, p. 4814 - 4824 2013
The FASEB Journal Xie Yan, Tu Yaping, Jiang Haihong, Abel Peter W., Casale Thomas B., Panettieri Reynold A., RGS2 repression increases susceptibility of mice to interleukin- 13-induced airway hyperresponsiveness 27:S1, p. 1095.8 - 1095.8 2013
The FASEB Journal Wong Chuu‐Yun A., Wolff Dennis W., Abel Peter W., Tu Yaping, Xie Yan, PKC-mediated P-Rex1 downregulation suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation 27:S1, p. 1096.10 - 1096.10 2013
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology DelasAlas Harold C., Casale Thomas B., Tu Yaping, Zhu Ningxi, Relationship of Airway Hyperresponsiveness and RGS2 Expression in Smokers 131:2, Supplement, p. AB12 2013
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Zhu Zhihao, Berro Abdo, Stokes Carl, Tu Yaping, Casale Thomas B., Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure On RGS2 Expression and Airway Hyperresponsiveness 131:2, Supplement, p. AB61 2013
Biochemical Pharmacology Xie Yan, Abel Peter W., Deng Cai-Shu, Sharma Poonam, Wolff Dennis W., Toews Myron L., Tu Yaping, Kirui Joseph K., Identification of upregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase ? as a target to suppress breast cancer cell migration and invasion 85:10, p. 1454 - 1462 2013
Journal of Lipid Research Zhao Kai, Wolff Dennis W., Zhou Hejiang, Zhao Xingyu, Tu Yaping, Liu Huili, Wei Taotao, Yang Fuyu, Phosphatidic acid mediates the targeting of tBid to induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization and apoptosis 53:10, p. 2102 - 2114 2012
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Xie Yan, Abel Peter W., Casale Thomas B., Tu Yaping, Panettieri Jr Reynold A., Jiang Haihong, Nguyen Hoai, Jia Shuping, Berro Abdo, Wolff Dennis W., Regulator of G protein signaling 2 is a key modulator of airway hyperresponsiveness 130:4, p. 968 - 976.e3 2012
Small Li Xu, Qiu Lihui, Zhu Pei, Tao Xinyi, Imanaka Tadayuki, Zhao Jing, Huang Youguo, Tu Yaping, Cao Xuni, Epidermal growth factor-ferritin H-chain protein nanoparticles for tumor active targeting 8:16, p. 2505 - 2514 2012
The FASEB Journal Jain Neha, Tu Yaping, Abel Peter W, Regulator of G Protein Signaling 2 (RGS2) regulates pulmonary vasoconstriction 26:S1 2012
International Journal of Cancer Wolff Dennis W., Xie Yan, Deng Caishu, Gatalica Zoran, Yang Mingjie, Wang Bo, Wang Jincheng, Lin Ming Fong, Abel Peter W., Tu Yaping, Epigenetic repression of regulator of G-protein signaling 2 promotes androgen-independent prostate cancer cell growth 130:7, p. 1521 - 1531 2012
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Jiang Haihong, Tu Yaping, Xie Yan, Abel Peter W., Casale Thomas B., Toews M. L., Townley Robert G., Targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma in airway smooth muscle cells to suppress interleukin-13-induced mouse airway hyperresponsiveness 342:2, p. 305 - 311 2012
Journal of Biological Chemistry Wong Chuu-Yun A., Wuriyanghan Hada, Xie Yan, Lin M. F., Abel Peter W., Tu Yaping, Epigenetic regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) gene expression in prostate cancer cells 286:29, p. 25813 - 25822 2011
The FASEB Journal Wong Chuu‐Yun A, Ha Da, Xie Yan, Wolff Dennis W, Abel Peter W, Tu Yaping, Protein kinase C (PKC) regulates phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 1 (P-Rex1) gene expression through a histone deacetylase interaction with Sp1 in prostate cancer 25:S1, p. 1090 - 1090 2011
The FASEB Journal Wolff Dennis W., Gatalica Zoran, Xie Yan, Yang Mingjie, Wang Bo, Wang Jincheng, Lin Ming‐Fong, Abel Peter W., Tu Yaping, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine suppresses androgen independent prostate cancer growth by restoring RGS2 expression 25:S1, p. 802 - 802 2011
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Jiang H., Tu Yaping, Deng C., Casale Thomas B., Xie Y., Abel Peter W., Toews M. L., Phosphoinositide 3-kinase {gamma} regulates airway smooth muscle contraction by modulating calcium oscillations 334:3, p. 703 - 709 2010
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Zhao Kai, Duan Wenjuan, Zhao Xingyu, Tu Yaping, Miao Qi, Cao Dongxu, Sun Yang, Wang Jincheng, Wei Taotao, Yang Fuyu, Lysosomal chymotrypsin B potentiates apoptosis via cleavage of Bid 67:15, p. 2665 - 2678 2010
Journal of Biological Chemistry Chuang Tsai Der, Kumar Satyendra, Batra Surinder K., Tu Yaping, Lin Ming Fong, Veeramani Suresh, Chen Siu Ju, Lin Fen Fen, Human prostatic acid phosphatase, an authentic tyrosine phosphatase, dephosphorylates ErbB-2 and regulates prostate cancer cell growth 285:31, p. 23598 - 23606 2010
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Kirui J. K., Xie Y., Wolff Dennis W., Jiang H., Abel Peter W., Tu Yaping, G{beta}{gamma} signaling promotes breast cancer cell migration and invasion 333:2, p. 393 - 403 2010
The FASEB Journal Wong Chuu‐Yun Anny, Ha Da, Xie Yan, Wolff Dennis W., Abel Peter W., Tu Yaping, Histone Acetylation Up-regulates Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate-dependent Rac Exchange Factor 1 (P-Rex1) Expression to Promote Prostate Cancer Metastasis 24:S1, p. 964.7 - 964.7 2010
Molecular Endocrinology Kang Lianguo, Zhang X., Xie Y., Tu Yaping, Wang Zhao-Yi, Liu Z., Involvement of Estrogen Receptor Variant ER-{alpha}36, Not GPR30, in Nongenomic Estrogen Signaling 24:4, p. 709 - 721 2010
Oncogene Qin J., Lin M. -., Tu Yaping, Hoshino M., Xie Y., Wang B., Wolff Dennis W., Zhao J., Scofield Margaret A., Dowd F. J., Upregulation of PIP3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes prostate cancer metastasis 28:16, p. 1853 - 1863 2009
Cancer Research Xie Yan, Wolff Dennis W., Wei Taotao, Wang Bo, Deng Caishu, Kirui Joseph K., Jiang Haihong, Qin Jianbing, Abel Peter W., Tu Yaping, Breast Cancer Migration and Invasion Depend on Proteasome Degradation of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 4 69:14, p. 5743 - 5751 2009
Molecular Pharmacology Xie Yan, Wolff Dennis W., Lin Ming Fong, Tu Yaping, Vasoactive intestinal peptide transactivates the androgen receptor through a protein kinase A-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in prostate cancer LNCaP cells 72:1, p. 73 - 85 2007
FASEB Journal Xie Y., Wolff Dennis W., Lin M. F., Tu Yaping, Vasoactive intestinal peptide transactivates the androgen receptor through a PKA-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in prostate cancer cells 21:5, p. A428 2007
Oncogene Cao X., Khan O., Qin J., Xie Y., Dowd F., Scofield M., Lin M. F., Tu Y., Regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) inhibits androgen-independent activation of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells 25:26, p. 3719 - 3734 2006
Molecular Endocrinology Khan Obaid Y., Fu Guilian, Ismail Ayesha, Srinivasan Sathish, Cao Xuni, Tu Yaping, Lu Shan, Nawaz Zafar, Multifunction steroid receptor coactivator, E6-associated protein, is involved in development of the prostate gland 20:3, p. 544 - 559 2006
Methods in Enzymology Tu Yaping, Wilkie Thomas M., Allosteric regulation of GAP activity by phospholipids in regulators of G-protein signaling 389, p. 89 - 1005 2004
Journal of Biological Chemistry Tu Yaping, Woodson Jimmy, Ross Elliott M., Nayak Surendra K., Phosphorylation-regulated Inhibition of the Gz GTPase-activating Protein Activity of RGS Proteins by Synapsin I 278:52, p. 52273 - 52281 2003
Journal of Biological Chemistry Ouyang Ying Shi, Barker Sheryll A., Yang Fuyu, Tu Yaping, Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) 4, insertion into model membranes and inhibition of activity by phosphatidic acid 278:13, p. 11115 - 11122 2003
Journal of Biological Chemistry Tu Yaping, Popov Sergei, Slaughter Clive, Ross Elliott M., Palmitoylation of a conserved cysteine in the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) domain modulates the GTPase-activating activity of RGS4 and RGS10 274:53, p. 38260 - 38267 1999
Journal of Biological Chemistry Wang Jun, Ducret Axel, Tu Yaping, Kozasa Tohru, Aebersold Ruedi, Ross Elliott M., RGSZ1, a G(z)-selective rgs protein in brain 273:40, p. 26014 - 26025 1998
Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics Wang Lihua, Yang Xiaoyi, Tu Yaping, Cui Zhaochun, Incorporation of GM3 into the lipid bilayer of sarcoplasmic reticulum and its regulation on Ca2+-ATPase 24:3, p. 277 - 280 1997
Science Tu Yaping, Wang Jun, Ross Elliott M., Inhibition of brain G(z) GAP and other RGS proteins by palmitoylation of G protein α subunits 278:5340, p. 1132 - 1135 1997
Biophysical Chemistry Yang F. Y., Yang X. Y., Tsui Z. C., Tu Y. P., Wang L. H., The role of ganglioside GM3 in the modulation of conformation and activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum CA2+-ATPase 68:1-3, p. 137 - 146 1997
Advances in Pharmacology Ross Elliott M., Biddlecome Gloria H., Wang Jun, Tu Yaping, Guanosine Triphosphatase-Activating Proteins for Heterotrimeric G-Proteins 42:C, p. 458 - 461 1997
Science in China, Series C: Life Sciences Wang Lihua, Gui Zhaochun, Yang Xiaoyi, Tu Yaping, Yang Fuyu, Ganglioside GM3 modulates conformation of reconstituted Ca2+-ATPase 40:4, p. 422 - 429 1997
FEBS Letters Wang L. H., Tsui Z. C., Tu Y. P., Yang X. Y., Yang F. Y., Effect of ganglioside GM3 on the activity and conformation of reconstituted Ca2+-ATPase 388:2-3, p. 128 - 130 1996
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International Xie W. S., Yue J. C., Tu Y. P., Fluorescence study on ligand induced conformational changes of human erythrocyte glucose transporter 39:2, p. 279 - 284 1996
Bioscience Reports Tu Y. P., Xu H., Feng C., Guang Z. Y., Lu Q. W., Yang F. Y., Transmembrane Ca2+ gradient is essential for high anion transport activity of human erythrocytes 16:4, p. 299 - 311 1996
Biological Trace Element Research Yang F. Y., Fen C., Tu Y. P., Se-mediated domain-domain communication in band 3 of human erythrocytes 55:3, p. 279 - 295 1996
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International Tu Y. P., Su X. F., Yang F. Y., Xiao L., Cytoplasmic Ca2+ inhibits the glucose transporter of human erythrocytes 36:2, p. 383 - 391 1995
Bioscience Reports Yang F. Y., Huang Y. G., Tu Y. P., Transmembrane Ca2+ gradient and function of membrane proteins 15:5, p. 351 - 364 1995
Journal of Biochemistry Tu Y. P., Yang F. Y., Zn2+-mediated domain-domain communication in human erythrocyte band 3 118:1, p. 161 - 167 1995
Science in China (Scientia Sinica) Series B Tu Yaping, Xu Hong, Yang Fuyu, Transmembrane Ca2+ gradient-mediated phosphatidylcholine modulating sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 38:6, p. 713 - 721 1995
Bioscience Reports Tu Y. P., Yang F. Y., Fluorescence study on transmembrane Ca2+ gradient-mediated conformation changes of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 14:6, p. 309 - 317 1994
Bioscience Reports Tu Y. P., Xu H., Zn2+ inhibits the anion transport activity of Band 3 by binding to its cytoplasmic tail 14:4, p. 159 - 169 1994
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International Tu Y. P., Xu H., Yang F. Y., Transmembrane Ca2+ gradient-mediated change of fluidity in the inner layer of phospholipids modulates Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum 33:3, p. 597 - 605 1994
Shi yan sheng wu xue bao Tu Y. P., Xu H., Yang F. Y., The specificity of modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase by transmembrane Ca2+ gradient 26:4, p. 441 - 447 1993
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Tu Y. P., Yang F. Y., Transmembrane Ca2+ Gradient-Mediated Modulation of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 196:2, p. 561 - 568 1993
Bioscience Reports Yang F. Y., Huang Y. G., Tu Y. P., Divalent cation and lipid-protein interactions of biomembranes 13:3, p. 143 - 157 1993
Science in China. Series B, Chemistry, life sciences & earth sciences Tu Y. P., Yang F. Y., Effect of transmembrane Ca2+ gradient on conformation and enzyme activity of reconstituted adenylate cyclase. 35:1, p. 67 - 75 1992
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Yang F. Y., Tu Y. P., A proper transmembrane Ca2+ gradient is essential for the higher enzymatic activity of adenylate cyclase 175:2, p. 366 - 371 1991